FUNCTIONALITY AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SOLIDARITY IN CIVIL LAW
V.S. E M,
Candidate of Legal Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Civil Law Department of the Law Faculty
of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
T.S. YATSENKO,
Doctor of Legal Sciences,
Associate Professor, Head of the Civil Law Department of the Law Faculty
of the Southern Federal University
DOI: 10.24031/1992-2043-2018-18-6-9-29
There is a revive of interest in intellectual discourse on the principle of solidarity of
interests, also known as the principle of cooperation or assistance, in connection with the
adoption of the principle in the Russian Civil Code. According to a number of critics, its
main drawback is the irrelevance of the requirement of solidarity for modern civil turnover,
since its content reveals a link with the command-and-control economy based on planned
economic activity. The article offers a broader view of the purpose of this principle in civil
law, based on the objective laws of social development in different periods of history, when
cooperation has become an important factor in such development. The authors explore the
main manifestations of solidarity in civil law and highlight three aspects of its doctrinal
understanding, which makes it possible to expand the functional purpose of this principle
and, therefore, its scope, which is currently limited to the area of obligations.
Keywords: principle of solidarity of interests; principle of cooperation; principle of
assistance; good faith; public interest; socialization of civil law; law of obligations;
obligations of a creditor and a debtor; corporate law.
References
Abolonin V.O. Printsipy dobrosovestnosti i sotrudnichestva v «novom» grazhdanskom
protsesse [Principles of Good Faith and Cooperation in “New” Civil Procedure]
(in Russian) // Arbitration and Civil Procedure. 2013. No. 8.
Artyomova O.Yu. Lichnost’ i sotsial’nye normy v rannepervobytnoj obshchine (po
avstralijskim etnograficheskim dannym) [Personality and Social Norms in the Early
Primitive Community (According to Australian Ethnographic Data)] (in Russian) /
Ed. by V.R. Kabo, A.I. Perschits. Moscow, 1987.
Babaev A.B., Babkin S.A., Bevzenko R.S., Belov V.A., Tarasenko Yu.A. Grazhdanskoe
pravo. Аktual’nye problemy teorii i praktiki. V 2 t. [Civil Law. Actual Problems of Theory
and Practice. In 2 vol.] (in Russian) / Ed. by V.A. Belov. 2nd ed. Moscow, 2015.
Bogdanov E.V., Bogdanova E.E., Bogdanov D.E. Printsip solidarnosti v grazhdanskom
prave Rossii [The Principle of Solidarity in Civil Law of Russia] (in Russian) //
Journal of Russian Law. 2016. No. 11.
Cafaggi F. Creditor’s Fault: In Search of a Comparative Frame // Fault in American
Contract Law / Ed. by O. Ben-Shahar, A. Porat. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Dorenkova Yu.M. Ispolnenie dogovornogo obyazatel’stva v grazhdanskom prave
Rossii: Аvtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Execution of a Contractual Obligation in
Civil Law of Russia: Synopsis of a Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]
(in Russian). Moscow, 2010.
Durkheim E. O razdelenii obshchestvennogo truda [On the Division of Social Labor]
(in Russian) / Trans. from French and afterword by L.B. Hoffman. Moscow, 1990.
Dyugi L. Konstitutsionnoe pravo. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva [Constitutional
Law. The General Theory of the State] (in Russian) / Foreword by P. Novgorodtsev.
Moscow, 1908.
Dyugi L. Obshchie preobrazovaniya grazhdanskogo prava so vremeni Kodeksa
Napoleona [General Transformations of Civil Law from the Time of Napoleon’s Code]
(in Russian) / Trans. from French by M.M. Sivers; ed. and foreword by A.G. Goykhbarg.
Moscow, 1919.
Dyugi L. Sotsial’noe pravo. Individual’noe pravo. Preobrazovanie gosudarstva
[Social Law. Individual Law. State Transformation] (in Russian) / Trans. by A. Libenzon.
St. Petersburg, 1909.
Em V.S. Printsipy osushchestvleniya grazhdanskikh prav i ispolneniya obyazannostej
[Principles of the Exercise of Civil Rights and the Performance of Duties]
(in Russian) // Grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik. V 2 t. T. 1 [Civil Law: Textbook.
In 2 vol. Vol. 1] / Ed. by E.A. Sukhanov. 2nd ed. Moscow, 1998.
French C.C. Segmented Settlements Are Not the Answer: A Response to Professor
Squire’s Article, How Collective Settlements Camouflage the Costs of Shareholder
Lawsuits // Virginia Law & Business Review. 2013. Vol. 7(4).
Fruehwald E.S. Reciprocal Altruism as the Basis for Contract // https://ssrn.
com/abstract=1270117.
Gambarov Yu.S. Grazhdanskoe pravo. Obshchaya chast’ [Civil Law. General Part]
(in Russian) / Ed. and foreword by V.A. Tomsinov. Moscow, 2003.
Gavze F.I. Obyazatel’stvennoe pravo (obshchie polozheniya) [Law of Obligations
(General Provisions)] (in Russian). Minsk, 1968.
Goldenweiser A.A. V zashchitu prava: stat’i i rechi [In Defense of Law: Articles
and Speeches] (in Russian). New York, 1952.
Goykhbarg A.G. Osnovy chastnogo imushchestvennogo prava [Basics of Private
Property Law] (in Russian). Moscow, 1924.
Grazhdanskoe ulozhenie Germanii = Deutsches Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit
Einführungsgesetz: vvod. zakon k Grazhd. ulozheniyu [German Civil Code = Deutsches
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz: Introductory Act to the Civil
Code] (in Russian) / Trans. from German / Entrance by V. Bergmann; ed. by V. Bergmann
[et al.]. 3rd ed. Moscow, 2008.
Gribanov V.P. Printsipy osushchestvleniya grazhdanskikh prav [Principles of the
Exercise of Civil Rights] (in Russian) / Gribanov V.P. Osushchestvlenie i zashchita
grazhdanskikh prav [The Exercise and Protection of Civil Rights]. 2nd ed. Moscow,
2001.
Gribovsky V.M. Narod i vlast’ v V izantijskom gosudarstve. Opyt istoriko-dogmaticheskogo
issledovaniya [People and Power in the Byzantine State. Experience of Historical
and Dogmatic Research] (in Russian). St. Petersburg, 1897.
Gusakov A. Delikty i dogovory. Istoriko-yuridicheskoe issledovanie [Delicates and
Contracts. Historical and Legal Research] (in Russian). Moscow, 1896.
Iering R. Tsel’ v prave [Purpose in Law] (in Russian) / Iering R. Izbrannye trudy
[Selected Works]. Samara, 2003.
Ioffe O.S. I zbrannye trudy. V 4 t. T. III : Obyazatel’stvennoe pravo [Selected Works.
In 4 vol. Vol. III: Law of Obligations] (in Russian). St. Petersburg, 2004.
Jackson J., Bradford B., MacQueen S., Hough M. Truly Free Consent? Clarifying
the Nature of Police Legitimacy // https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.
cfm?abstract_id=2620274.
Kabo V.R. Pervobytnaya dozemledel’cheskaya obshchina [Primitive Pre-Agricultural
Community] (in Russian). Moscow, 1986.
Kantorovich Ya.A. Osnovnye idei grazhdanskogo prava [The Main Ideas of Civil
Law] (in Russian). Kharkiv, 1928.
Karapetov A.G. Ekonomicheskie osnovaniya printsipa svobody dogovora [The
Economic Basis of the Principle of Freedom of Contract] (in Russian) // Civil Law
Review. 2012. No. 3.
Klass G. Contracting for Cooperation in Recovery // Yale Law Journal. 2007.
Vol. 117(2).
Komakhin B.N., Bolshov I.V. K voprosu vzaimodejstviya podrazdelenij organov
vnutrennikh del v bor’be s prestupnost’yu v protsesse raskrytiya i rassledovaniya
prestuplenij v sovremennom obshchestve [On the Interaction of Units of Internal
Affairs Bodies in the Fight Against Crime in the Process of Disclosing and Investigating
Crimes in Modern Society] (in Russian) // Bulletin of the Moscow University
of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2018. No. 4.
Komorita S.S., Parks C.D. Interpersonal relations: Mixed-Motive Interaction //
Annual Review of Psychology. 1995. Vol. 46.
Kont O. Dukh pozitivnoj filosofii: Slovo o polozhitel’nom myshlenii [The Spirit
of Positive Philosophy: A W ord About Positive Thinking] (in Russian) / Trans. from
French / Preface by M.M. Kovalevsky. 2nd ed. Moscow, 2011.
Mayers D. Izuchaem sotsial’nuyu psikhologiyu [Studying Social Psychology] (in
Russian) // http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Psihol/meirs/23.php.
Migacheva A.Yu. O printsipe sotrudnichestva uchastnikov grazhdanskikh pravootnoshenij
[On the Principle of Cooperation of Participants of Civil Relations] (in
Russian) // Modern Law. 2015. No. 7.
Minkina L.Sh. Usloviya grazhdansko-pravovoj otvetstvennosti: obshchie polozheniya
[Terms of Civil Liability: General Provisions] (in Russian) // Justice in the
Volga Region. 2008. No. 6.
Muromtsev S.A. Opredelenie i osnovnoe razdelenie prava [Definition and Basic
Division of Law] (in Russian) / Entrance and comments by Yu.I. Grevtsov. 2nd ed.
St. Petersburg, 2004.
Nosyreva E.I. Kontseptsiya pretenzionnogo poryadka uregulirovaniya sporov
v trudakh sovetskogo perioda i ee sovremennoe znachenie [The Concept of the Claim
Procedure for Settling Disputes in the Works of the Soviet Period and Its Current
Significance] (in Russian) // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the
Russian Academy of Sciences. 2017. Vol. 12. No. 6.
Novitskaya T.E. Grazhdanskij kodeks RSFSR 1922 goda [Civil Code of the RSFSR
of 1922] (in Russian). Moscow, 2002.
Novitsky I.B. Solidarnost’ interesov v sovetskom grazhdanskom prave (otnosheniya
tovarishcheskogo sotrudnichestva i sotsialisticheskoj vzaimopomoshchi) [Solidarity
of Interests in Soviet Civil Law (Relations of Comradely Cooperation and
Socialist Mutual Assistance)] (in Russian). Moscow, 1951.
Olson M. Logika kollektivnykh dejstvij. Obshchestvennye blaga i teoriya grupp
[Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and Group Theory] (in Russian) / Trans.
from English. Moscow, 1995.
Oreshin E.I., Suspitsyna I.I. Printsip sodejstviya storon v ispolnenii obyazatel’stva:
sovetskij anakhronizm ili effektivnyj pravovoj instrument? [The Principle of Assisting
the Parties in the Performance of Obligations: The Soviet Anachronism or an
Effective Legal Tool?] (in Russian) // Law. 2012. No. 11.
Panchenko P.V. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie podkhody k opredeleniyu mesta
printsipa sodejstviya storon v sisteme printsipov grazhdanskogo prava [Theoretical
and Methodological Approaches to Determining the Place of the Principle of
Assisting the Parties in the System of Principles of Civil Law] (in Russian) // Power
of Law. 2017. No. 3.
Parks C.D., Sanna L.J., Berel S.R. Actions of Similar Others as Inducements to
Cooperate in Social Dilemmas // Рersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2001.
Vol. 27(3).
Pokrovsky I.A. Literaturnoe obozrenie. R. Salejl’. Vvedenie v izuchenie germanskogo
grazhdanskogo prava (R. Saleilles. Introduction à l’étude du droit civil allemand.
Paris. 1904. 124 p.) [Literary Review. R. Saleil. Introduction to the Study of
German Civil Law (R. Saleilles. Introduction à l’étude du droit civil allemand. Paris.
1904. 124 p.)] (in Russian) // Bulletin of Law. 1904. Book 4.
Pyankova A.F. Obespechenie balansa interesov v grazhdansko-pravovykh dogovorakh:
Monografiya [Ensuring a Balance of Interests in Civil Contracts: Monograph]
(in Russian). Perm, 2014.
Rovny V.V. Printsip vzaimnogo sotrudnichestva storon pri ispolnenii obyazatel’stv
v otechestvennom grazhdanskom prave [The Principle of Mutual Cooperation of the
Parties in the Performance of Obligations in Domestic Civil Law] (in Russian) //
Jurisprudence. 2000. No. 1.
Sarbash S.V. Ispolnenie dogovornogo obyazatel’stva [Fulfillment of a Contractual
Obligation] (in Russian). Moscow, 2005.
Shumeyko I.Yu. Problemy ispolneniya obyazatel’stv v grazhdanskom prave:
Аvtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Problems of Performance of Obligations in Civil
Law: Synopsis of a Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences] (in Russian). Rostov-
on-Don, 2009.
Sinai V.I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo [Russian Civil Law] (in Russian). Moscow,
2002.
Stout L.A., Blair M.M. Trust, Trustworthiness, and the Behavioral Foundations of
Corporate Law // https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=241403.
Trubetskoy E.N. Lektsii po entsiklopedii prava [Lectures on the Encyclopedia of
Law] (in Russian). Moscow, 1917.
Vavilin E.V. Osushchestvlenie i zashchita grazhdanskikh prav [The Exercise and
Protection of Civil Rights] (in Russian). 2nd ed. Moscow, 2016.
Volos A.A. Printsip sodejstviya storon v obyazatel’stvennom prave: voprosy teorii i praktiki
[The Principle of Assisting the Parties in Law of Obligations: Issues of Theory and Practice]
(in Russian) // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2016. No. 6(113).
Vonk G.J., Tollenaar A. The Public Interest and the Welfare State: A L egal
Approach // https://ssrn.com/abstract=1269372.
Weber M. Osnovnye sotsiologicheskie ponyatiya [Basic Sociological Concepts]
(in Russian) / Weber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Selected Works] / Trans. from
German / Comp., ed. and afterword by Yu.N. Davydov; foreword by P.P. Gaydenko.
Moscow, 1990.
Yasin E. Ekonomika nemeet bez chesti i sovesti [Economy Goes Numb Without
Honor and Conscience] (in Russian) // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 15 January 2008.
Zhuravleva O.O. Printsip sotrudnichestva nalogovykh organov i nalogoplatel’-
shchikov [The Principle of Cooperation Between Tax Authorities and Taxpayers] (in
Russian) // Journal of Russian Law. 2013. No. 3.
Information about the author
Em V.S. (Moscow) – Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Civil
Law Department of the Law Faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
(119991, GSP-1, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1, bldg. 13-14; e-mail: vladimir.em@
me.com).
Yatsenko T.S. (Rostov-on-Don) – Doctor of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor,
Head of the Civil Law Department of the Law Faculty of the Southern Federal University
(344022, Rostov-na-Donu, Gorky St., 88; e-mail: tat-yacenko@yandex.ru).