СОЛИДАРНАЯ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОСТЬ КРЕДИТОРОВ ПО РОССИЙСКОМУ ПРАВУ В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОМ И СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОМ КОНТЕКСТАХ
https://doi.org/10.24031/1992-2043-2023-23-1-71-108
В статье рассматривается понятие солидарной множественности кредиторов, анализируется критерий построения указанного института, исследуются альтернативные модели регулирования. По мнению автора, представление, что инсти тут солидарных кредиторов основан на доверии, ошибочно: в основе построения по общему правилу должен лежать критерий совместного характера деятельно сти сокредиторов (сотрудничество), их однородное правовое положение, а так же необходимость ограждения должника от внутренних отношений кредиторов. Также автор приходит к выводу, что регулирование солидарной множественно сти кредиторов, построенное по «зеркальной» модели с солидарной множествен ностью должников, ошибочно. Автор сравнивает солидарную множественность кредиторов с долевой и совместной множественностью. Мнение, что долевые обя зательства представляют собой отдельные независимые обязательства, автор считает ошибочным, поскольку отдельные части долевого обязательства связаны единой правовой основой, направленностью на один и тот же интерес. Автор подчеркивает, что в введении в российское право совместной множественности кре диторов нет необходимости, так как, во-первых, неделимые обязательства пол ностью охватываются солидарной множественностью кредиторов, а во-вторых, такой общий эффект может быть установлен соглашением сторон.
Ключевые слова: солидарная множественность кредиторов; «зеркальная» модель регулирования; солидарная множественность должников; долевая множественность кредиторов; совместная множественность кредиторов; солидарные обязательства; долевые обязательства; независимые обязательства.
References
Ananieva K.Ia. Fulfillment of Obligations with a Plurality of Subjects in Them. Legal Science. 2012. No. 2. (in Russ.)
Belov V.A. Solidarity of Obligations (General Doctrine and Separate Complicating Moments – alternativeness, Provision, Change of Persons, Termination). in Rozhkova M.A. (ed.). Practice of application of General Provisions on Obligations: Collection of articles. Moscow: Statut, 2011. (in Russ.)
Berngeft F., Kohler I. Civil law of Germany. St. Petersburg: Senate Typography, 1910. (in Russ.)
Borkha S. Scope of application and legal Regime of Solidary Multiplicity of Creditors in a Comparative Perspective. Issues of Student Science. 2021. No. 7(59). (in Russ.)
Busch D., Hondius E., van Kooten H., Schelhaas H. (eds.). The Principles of European Contract law (Part iii) and Dutch law: a Commentary. vol. 2. The Hague: Kluwer law international, 2006.
Chirikhin I.P. Solidarity in Commitment. Kazan, 1888. (in Russ.)
Civil Code: a Project of the Highest Established Editorial Commission for the Preparation of the Civil Code. Book v: Commitment. vol. 1. with Explanations (arts. 1– 276). St. Petersburg, 1899. (in Russ.)
Dernburg G. Pandects. vol. 2: law of Obligations. 3rd ed. Moscow, 1911. (in Russ.)
Efimova L.G. Bank Deposit and Bank account agreements: Monograph. M.: Prospekt, 2018. (in Russ.)
Egorov A.V. Shared Ownership: a Mechanism for Protecting the Rights of Coowners. Civil Law Review. 2012. No. 4. (in Russ.)
Ermolaev S.N. Plurality of Persons in Civil law: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in law Sciences. Krasnodar, 2014. (in Russ.)
Fontaine M. The New Provisions on Plurality of Obligors and of Obligees in the UNiDROiT Principles 2010. Uniform Law Review. 2011. vol. 16.
German Civil Code: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB): article-by-article Commentary. vol. 1. Books 1–3: §§ 1–1296 / Ed. by G. Dannemann, R. Schulze. München: C.H. Beck, 2020.
Golevinskii V.I. On the Origin and Division of Obligations. warsaw, 1872. (in Russ.)
Gongalo B.M. (ed.). Civil law: Textbook. in 2 vols. vol. 2. 3rd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2018. (in Russ.)
Gribinichenko L.O. Signs of a Civil legal Relationship with a Plurality of Persons. Law and Politics. 2017. No. 4. (in Russ.)
Harke J.D. allgemeines Schuldrecht. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
Jansen N., Zimmermann R. (eds). Commentaries on European Contract laws. Oxford: University Press, 2018.
Julliot de la Morandière L.; Fleischitz E.A. (trans.). Civil law of France. in 3 vols. vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign literature, 1960. (in Russ.)
Karapetov A.G. (ed.). Contractual and Obligation law (General Part): articleby-article Commentary on articles 307–453 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic Edition. Revision 1.0]. Moscow: M-logos, 2017. (in Russ.)
Kulakov V.V. Obligation and Complications of its Structure in Civil law of Russia: Monograph. 2nd ed. Moscow: RGUP, 2010. (in Russ.)
Lando O., Clive E., Prüm A., Zimmermann R. (eds.). Principles of European Contract law. Part iii. The Hague; london; New York: Kluwer law international, 2003.
Looschelders D. Schuldrecht. allgemeiner Teil. 19. aufl. München: C.H. Beck, 2021.
Makovskaia A.A. Contract Reform in France. New Provisions of the Civil Code of France. Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2016. No. 8. (in Russ.) Meier D.I. Russian Civil law. in 2 parts. Part 2. 3rd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2003. (in Russ.)
Meier S. Die Gesamtgläubigerschaft – ein unbekanntes, weil überflüssiges wesen? Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 2005. Bd. 205. H. 6.
Meier S. Englische Gläubigermehrheiten: Eine annäherung aus kontinentaler Sicht. in Jansen N., Meier S. (eds.). iurium itinera: Historische Rechtsvergleichung und vergleichende Rechtsgeschichte. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2022.
Meier S. Plurality of Creditors. in Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private law. vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Münchener Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. 2: Schuldrecht. allgemeiner Teil. 5. aufl. München: C.H. Beck, 2007.
Novitskii I.B., Lunts L.A. The General Doctrine of Obligation. Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1950. (in Russ.)
Novitskii I.B., Pereterskii I.S. (eds.). Roman Private law: Textbook. Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2012. (in Russ.)
Pavlov A.A., Zabrotskaia A.M. New Principles of Regulation of Solidary Obligations. Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2011. No. 9. (in Russ.)
Planiol M.; Gartman V.Iu. (trans.). The Course of French Civil law. Part 1: Theory of Obligations. Petrokov: Edition of the S. Panskii’s Printing House, 1911. (in Russ.)
Plate J. Das gesamte examensrelevante Zivilrecht. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2008.
Pobedonostsev K.P. Civil law Course. Part Three: Contracts and Obligations. Moscow: Statut, 2003. (in Russ.)
Sarbash S.V. Fulfillment of a Contractual Obligation (SPS “ConsultantPlus”. 2005). (in Russ.)
Sarbash S.V. Obligations with a Plurality of Persons and Features of Their Execution (SPS “ConsultantPlus”. 2004). (in Russ.)
Schmoeckel M., Rückert J., Zimmermann R. (eds.). Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. 2: Schuldrecht: allgemeiner Teil §§ 241–432. 2. Teilband: §§ 305– 432. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
Selb W. Mehrheit von Gläubigern und Schuldnern. Tübingen: Mohr, 1984.
Serdiukov K.A. On the Boundaries of the Concept of Obligations with a Plurality of Persons. Society and Law. 2010. No. 3. (in Russ.)
Sergeev A.P. (ed.). Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One: Educational and Practical Commentary (article-by-article). Moscow: Prospekt, 2010. (in Russ.)
Stuchka P.I. The Course of Soviet Civil law. vol. 2: General Part of Civil law. Moscow: Publishing House of the Communist academy, 1929. (in Russ.)
Sukhanov E.A. (ed.). Civil law: Textbook. in 4 vols. vol. 3. 2nd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2020. (in Russ.)
Tololaeva N.V. Passive Solidary Obligations: The Russian approach and the Continental European Tradition: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in law Sciences. Moscow, 2017. (in Russ.)
Tolstoi V.S. Execution of Obligations. Moscow: iuridicheskaia literatura, 1973. (in Russ.)
Trepitsyn I.N. Civil law of the Provinces of the Kingdom of Poland and Russian in Connection with the Draft Civil Code. General Part of the law of Obligations. warsaw: Printing House of the warsaw Educational District, 1914. (in Russ.)
Vavin N.G. Some Prerequisites for the Study of the Problem of Solidary Obligations. Law and Life. 1927. No. 2. (in Russ.)
Wolfson F. Textbook of Civil law of the RSFSR. Part 1. Moscow: legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, 1925. (in Russ.)
Wylie J.K. Solidarity and Correality. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1923. Information about the author
Rochegova K.G. (Moscow, Russia) – Master of Private law (Russian School of Private law) (e-mail: krisrochegova@mail.ru).
SOLIDARY PLURALITY OF CREDITORS UNDER RUSSIAN LAW IN HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE LEGAL CONTEXTS
https://doi.org/10.24031/1992-2043-2023-23-1-71-108
The article discusses the concept of a solidary plurality of creditors, analyzes the criterion for building this institution, and explores alternative models of regulation. According to the author, the idea that the institution of solidary creditors is based on trust is erroneous: as a general rule, the construction should be based on the criterion of the joint nature of the activities of co-creditors (cooperation), their homogeneous legal status, as well as the need to protect the debtor from the internal relations of creditors. The author also comes to the conclusion that the regulation of the solidary plurality of creditors, built according to the “mirror” model with the solidary plurality of debtors, is erroneous. The author compares the solidarity plurality of creditors with shared and joint plurality. The opinion that share obligations are separate independent obligations, the author considers erroneous, since the individual parts of the share obligation are connected by a single legal basis, focusing on the same interest. The author emphasizes that there is no need to introduce a joint plurality of creditors into Russian law, since, firstly, indivisible obligations are fully covered by the solidary plurality of creditors, and secondly, such a general effect can be established by agreement of the parties.
Keywords: solidary plurality of creditors; “mirror” model of regulation; solidary plurality of debtors; shared plurality of creditors; joint plurality of creditors; solidary obligations; share obligations; independent obligations.
References
Ananieva K.Ia. Fulfillment of Obligations with a Plurality of Subjects in Them. Legal Science. 2012. No. 2. (in Russ.)
Belov V.A. Solidarity of Obligations (General Doctrine and Separate Complicating Moments – alternativeness, Provision, Change of Persons, Termination). in Rozhkova M.A. (ed.). Practice of application of General Provisions on Obligations: Collection of articles. Moscow: Statut, 2011. (in Russ.)
Berngeft F., Kohler I. Civil law of Germany. St. Petersburg: Senate Typography, 1910. (in Russ.)
Borkha S. Scope of application and legal Regime of Solidary Multiplicity of Creditors in a Comparative Perspective. Issues of Student Science. 2021. No. 7(59). (in Russ.)
Busch D., Hondius E., van Kooten H., Schelhaas H. (eds.). The Principles of European Contract law (Part iii) and Dutch law: a Commentary. vol. 2. The Hague: Kluwer law international, 2006.
Chirikhin I.P. Solidarity in Commitment. Kazan, 1888. (in Russ.)
Civil Code: a Project of the Highest Established Editorial Commission for the Preparation of the Civil Code. Book v: Commitment. vol. 1. with Explanations (arts. 1– 276). St. Petersburg, 1899. (in Russ.)
Dernburg G. Pandects. vol. 2: law of Obligations. 3rd ed. Moscow, 1911. (in Russ.)
Efimova L.G. Bank Deposit and Bank account agreements: Monograph. M.: Prospekt, 2018. (in Russ.)
Egorov A.V. Shared Ownership: a Mechanism for Protecting the Rights of Coowners. Civil Law Review. 2012. No. 4. (in Russ.)
Ermolaev S.N. Plurality of Persons in Civil law: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in law Sciences. Krasnodar, 2014. (in Russ.)
Fontaine M. The New Provisions on Plurality of Obligors and of Obligees in the UNiDROiT Principles 2010. Uniform Law Review. 2011. vol. 16.
German Civil Code: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB): article-by-article Commentary. vol. 1. Books 1–3: §§ 1–1296 / Ed. by G. Dannemann, R. Schulze. München: C.H. Beck, 2020.
Golevinskii V.I. On the Origin and Division of Obligations. warsaw, 1872. (in Russ.)
Gongalo B.M. (ed.). Civil law: Textbook. in 2 vols. vol. 2. 3rd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2018. (in Russ.)
Gribinichenko L.O. Signs of a Civil legal Relationship with a Plurality of Persons. Law and Politics. 2017. No. 4. (in Russ.)
Harke J.D. allgemeines Schuldrecht. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
Jansen N., Zimmermann R. (eds). Commentaries on European Contract laws. Oxford: University Press, 2018.
Julliot de la Morandière L.; Fleischitz E.A. (trans.). Civil law of France. in 3 vols. vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign literature, 1960. (in Russ.)
Karapetov A.G. (ed.). Contractual and Obligation law (General Part): articleby-article Commentary on articles 307–453 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic Edition. Revision 1.0]. Moscow: M-logos, 2017. (in Russ.)
Kulakov V.V. Obligation and Complications of its Structure in Civil law of Russia: Monograph. 2nd ed. Moscow: RGUP, 2010. (in Russ.)
Lando O., Clive E., Prüm A., Zimmermann R. (eds.). Principles of European Contract law. Part iii. The Hague; london; New York: Kluwer law international, 2003.
Looschelders D. Schuldrecht. allgemeiner Teil. 19. aufl. München: C.H. Beck, 2021.
Makovskaia A.A. Contract Reform in France. New Provisions of the Civil Code of France. Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2016. No. 8. (in Russ.) Meier D.I. Russian Civil law. in 2 parts. Part 2. 3rd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2003. (in Russ.)
Meier S. Die Gesamtgläubigerschaft – ein unbekanntes, weil überflüssiges wesen? Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 2005. Bd. 205. H. 6.
Meier S. Englische Gläubigermehrheiten: Eine annäherung aus kontinentaler Sicht. in Jansen N., Meier S. (eds.). iurium itinera: Historische Rechtsvergleichung und vergleichende Rechtsgeschichte. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2022.
Meier S. Plurality of Creditors. in Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private law. vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Münchener Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. 2: Schuldrecht. allgemeiner Teil. 5. aufl. München: C.H. Beck, 2007.
Novitskii I.B., Lunts L.A. The General Doctrine of Obligation. Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1950. (in Russ.)
Novitskii I.B., Pereterskii I.S. (eds.). Roman Private law: Textbook. Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2012. (in Russ.)
Pavlov A.A., Zabrotskaia A.M. New Principles of Regulation of Solidary Obligations. Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2011. No. 9. (in Russ.)
Planiol M.; Gartman V.Iu. (trans.). The Course of French Civil law. Part 1: Theory of Obligations. Petrokov: Edition of the S. Panskii’s Printing House, 1911. (in Russ.)
Plate J. Das gesamte examensrelevante Zivilrecht. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2008.
Pobedonostsev K.P. Civil law Course. Part Three: Contracts and Obligations. Moscow: Statut, 2003. (in Russ.)
Sarbash S.V. Fulfillment of a Contractual Obligation (SPS “ConsultantPlus”. 2005). (in Russ.)
Sarbash S.V. Obligations with a Plurality of Persons and Features of Their Execution (SPS “ConsultantPlus”. 2004). (in Russ.)
Schmoeckel M., Rückert J., Zimmermann R. (eds.). Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. 2: Schuldrecht: allgemeiner Teil §§ 241–432. 2. Teilband: §§ 305– 432. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
Selb W. Mehrheit von Gläubigern und Schuldnern. Tübingen: Mohr, 1984.
Serdiukov K.A. On the Boundaries of the Concept of Obligations with a Plurality of Persons. Society and Law. 2010. No. 3. (in Russ.)
Sergeev A.P. (ed.). Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One: Educational and Practical Commentary (article-by-article). Moscow: Prospekt, 2010. (in Russ.)
Stuchka P.I. The Course of Soviet Civil law. vol. 2: General Part of Civil law. Moscow: Publishing House of the Communist academy, 1929. (in Russ.)
Sukhanov E.A. (ed.). Civil law: Textbook. in 4 vols. vol. 3. 2nd ed. Moscow: Statut, 2020. (in Russ.)
Tololaeva N.V. Passive Solidary Obligations: The Russian approach and the Continental European Tradition: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in law Sciences. Moscow, 2017. (in Russ.)
Tolstoi V.S. Execution of Obligations. Moscow: iuridicheskaia literatura, 1973. (in Russ.)
Trepitsyn I.N. Civil law of the Provinces of the Kingdom of Poland and Russian in Connection with the Draft Civil Code. General Part of the law of Obligations. warsaw: Printing House of the warsaw Educational District, 1914. (in Russ.)
Vavin N.G. Some Prerequisites for the Study of the Problem of Solidary Obligations. Law and Life. 1927. No. 2. (in Russ.)
Wolfson F. Textbook of Civil law of the RSFSR. Part 1. Moscow: legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, 1925. (in Russ.)
Wylie J.K. Solidarity and Correality. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1923. Information about the author
Rochegova K.G. (Moscow, Russia) – Master of Private law (Russian School of Private law) (e-mail: krisrochegova@mail.ru).